Corneal Dystrophies
Corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited eye disorders that affect the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. These conditions are typically characterized by the accumulation of abnormal material in the cornea, leading to vision problems. Unlike corneal infections, dystrophies are generally not caused by external factors but are instead linked to genetic mutations.
Types of Corneal Dystrophies:
Epithelial Dystrophies: Affect the outer layer of the cornea (epithelium).
- Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy: Characterized by irregular patterns on the cornea’s surface.
- Lattice dystrophy: Involves the deposition of protein, leading to a “lattice” appearance.
Stromal Dystrophies: Involve the middle layer of the cornea (stroma).
- Granular dystrophy: Features small, opalescent spots in the stroma.
- Macular dystrophy: Results in a diffuse cloudy appearance due to glycosaminoglycan deposits.
Endothelial Dystrophies: Affect the innermost layer of the cornea (endothelium).
- Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy: Characterized by the gradual loss of endothelial cells, leading to corneal swelling and vision impairment.
Symptoms:
- Blurred or cloudy vision
- Sensitivity to light
- Eye discomfort or pain
- Frequent changes in prescription for glasses or contact lenses
Diagnosis:
Corneal dystrophies are usually diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include:
- Visual acuity tests
- Slit-lamp examination
- Corneal imaging techniques
Treatment:
Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the dystrophy:
- Eyewear: Glasses or contact lenses may help with vision.
- Medications: Hypertonic saline drops can reduce corneal swelling.
- Surgical Options: In advanced cases, procedures like corneal transplantation or endothelial keratoplasty may be necessary.
Prognosis:
The prognosis varies depending on the specific dystrophy and its progression. Many people with corneal dystrophies can manage their symptoms effectively, especially with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Regular follow-ups with an eye care professional are essential for monitoring and managing these conditions.